Detailed close-up of a globe showing parts of Europe and the Atlantic Ocean.

Geography

Physical Geography

Internal structure of earth

Theory of plate tectonic

Volcanic eruption (Volcanism)

Earthquakes (Causes, effects and Predictions)

Rocks (Igneous rock, Sedimentary rock, metamorphic rocks)

Cycle of erosion

Land forms made by Rivers, glaciers, winds, waves

Weathering (Physical/mechanical, biological, chemical weathering)

Mass wasting / Mass movement

Temperature and salinity of oceans

Green house effect, Global warming, Acid rain, Ozone depletion

Air masses

Fronts

Thunderstorms

Tornados

Humidity and precipitation

Water cycle

Winds (local scale, regional (monsoon), global/primary/permanent winds

Atlantic oceans current

Pacific oceans current

Indian occasion current

Human Geography

Environmentalism and Possibilism

World population: distribution, density and growth

Factors affecting population density

Migration: Push and Pull factors

Malthus theory of population

Settlement: Rural and Urban settlement

Urbanization: level, causes, effects and measures to control urbanization

Central place theory

Economic Geography

Economic activities

Primary economic activities (agriculture, farming, herding, livestock ranching, dairy farming)

Secondary economic activities

Classification of industry

Factors influencing location of industry

Iron and steel industry

Global steel industry (US, UK, Japan, China)

Pakistan’s steel industry and SWOT analysis

Textile industry of Pakistan

Global energy resources (coal, oil, natural gas, nuclear, hydroelectric)

Regional Geography

Geo-strategic and geo-political importance of Pakistan

SAARC and Pakistan

CPEC: Challenges and opportunity